Year 12: VCE General Mathematics
Listed Mathematics areas of study at Units 3 and 4, in the words of the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA), with the practice on this site that covers it. Checked against the source on 4 September 2026.
Unit 3 comprises Data analysis and Recursion and financial modelling; Unit 4 comprises Matrices and Networks and decision mathematics.
- 4areas of study
- 40skills mapped
- 100%have practice
Coverage is the percentage of listed areas of study with at least one linked practice skill; it does not measure how fully every part of an entry is practised. A skill can practise more than one areas of study, so some appear more than once below.
Unit 3 · Data analysis
Data analysisStudents cover data types, representation and distribution of data, location, spread, association, correlation and causation, response and explanatory variables, linear regression, data transformation and goodness of fit, times series, seasonality, smoothing and prediction.
- Conditional probability
- Identify discrete probability distributions
- Calculate probabilities given a discrete probability distribution
- Level 1: Probabilities from polynomial probability density functions
- Level 1: Probabilities from exponential probability density functions
- Level 1: Statistics from polynomial probability density functions
- Level 1: Statistics from exponential probability density functions
Challenge: Winning the tic-tac-toe- Level 1: Conditional probability
- Level 1: Discrete random variables
- Level 1: Multi-stage probability experiments
- Level 2: Multi-stage probability experiments
- Summary and spread of data
- Understanding scatter plots
- Understanding stem-and-leaf plots
- Understanding frequency tables
- Understanding histograms
- Understanding box plots
Unit 3 · Recursion and financial modelling
Recursion and financial modellingStudents cover the use of first-order linear recurrence relations and the time value of money (TVM) to model and analyse a range of financial situations, and using technology to solve related problems involving interest, appreciation and depreciation, loans, annuities and perpetuities.
Unit 4 · Matrices
MatricesStudents cover the definition of matrices, different types of matrices, matrix operations, transition matrices and the use of first-order linear matrix recurrence relations to model a range of situations and solve related problems.
- Recursive sequences
- Rules for matrix elements
- Level 1: Transition matrices
- Level 1: Leslie matrices
- Level 1: Permutation matrices
- Level 2: Permutation matrices
- Level 1: Communication matrices
- Level 2: Communication matrices
- Level 1: Dominance matrices
- Level 1: Counting problems (permutations and combinations)
- Level 2: Counting problems (permutations and combinations)
- Level 3: Counting problems (permutations and combinations)
Unit 4 · Networks and decision mathematics
Networks and decision mathematicsStudents cover the definition and representation of different kinds of undirected and directed graphs, Eulerian trails, Eulerian circuits, bridges, Hamiltonian paths and cycles, and the use of networks to model and solve problems involving travel, connection, flow, matching, allocation and scheduling.
Other Year 12 skills
Year 12 skills not currently linked to an entry on this page. These may include revision, extension practice, or skills still awaiting a curriculum mapping.
- Simplification and expansion of algebraic expressions
- Simplification of rational algebraic expressions
- Simplification of algebraic expressions involving integer indices
- Simplification of algebraic expressions involving rational indices
- Long division of polynomials
- Simultaneous linear equations in three unknowns
- Simultaneous linear equations in four unknowns
- Simultaneous nonlinear equations
- Partial sums of arithmetic series
- Level 1: Solving inequalities using sign charts
- Level 2: Solving inequalities using sign charts
- Evaluation of logarithms
- Simplification of logarithmic expressions
- Equations involving exponents
- Level 1: Logarithmic equations
- Level 2: Logarithmic equations
- Level 1: Logarithm laws
- Level 2: Logarithmic equations and domains
- Sketching polynomial functions
- Identifying transformed polynomials
- Sketching power functions
- Sketching sum, different and product of two functions
- Intersection of two graphs
- Function transformations
- Absolute value function
- Composite functions
- Level 1: Composite function equations
- Level 2: Composite function equations
- Level 1: Restricting a function to make it one-to-one
- Level 2: Restricting a function to make it one-to-one
- Level 1: Continuity and discontinuity of functions
- Level 2: Continuity and discontinuity of functions
- Level 1: Composite functions
- Domain and range of composite functions
- Domain of an inverse function
- Range of an inverse function
- Level 2: Solving inverse function equations
- Level 3: Solving inverse function equations
- Level 4: Solving inverse function equations
- Level 1: Transformations of functions
- Level 2: Transformations of functions
- Level 3: Transformations of functions
- Coordinates of points on a line
- Level 1: Coordinate of a point on a line given the length
- Level 2: Coordinate of a point on a line given the length
- Coordinates of a planar shape from a line
- Image of a point
- Evaluate trigonometric functions
- General solution of trigonometric equations
- Trigonometric relations involving circles
- Trigonometric relations involving complex geometric shapes
- Evaluation of a derivative at a point
- Level 1: Differentiate using the chain rule
- Level 2: Differentiate using the chain rule
- Level 1: Apply the chain rule to composite functions
- Level 2: Apply the chain rule to composite functions
- Level 3: Apply the chain rule to composite functions
- Level 1: Apply the product rule
- Level 2: Apply the product rule
- Level 1: Indirect differentiation
- Level 1: Application of differentiation to graphs
- Level 2: Application of differentiation to graphs
- Level 1: Local minimum and local maximum values
- Level 2: Local minimum and local maximum values
- Identify a differentiable function
- Differentiation problems involving stationary points
- Differentiation problems involving the cubic function
- Differentiation of fractions
- Level 1: Differentiation of logarithmic functions
- Level 2: Differentiation of logarithmic functions
- Level 1: Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- Level 2: Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- Level 3: Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- Level 4: Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- Level 1: Differentiation of mixed functions
- Level 2: Differentiation of mixed functions
- Level 3: Differentiation of mixed functions
- Level 1: Differentiation word problems
- Level 2: Differentiation word problems
- Level 3: Differentiation word problems
- Indefinite integration of polynomials
- Indefinite integration of surds
- Indefinite integration of trigonometric functions
- Definite integration
- Level 1: Average and instantaneous rates of change
- Level 1: Gradient and tangent of a curve at a point
- Level 2: Finding a curve from a stationary point
- Level 3: Finding a curve from a stationary point
- Level 1: Differentiation of indirectly defined relations
- Level 1: Stationary points, inflection points and intervals of increase or decrease
- Level 1: Differentiability of piecewise functions
- Level 2: Differentiability of piecewise functions
- Level 1: Definite integration
- Level 2: Definite integration
- Level 1: Indefinite integration and antiderivatives
- Basic operations on complex numbers
- Powers of complex numbers
- Basic set operations
- Venn diagrams involving two sets
- Venn diagrams involving three sets
- Interpreting and using logarithmic scales
- Graph features of translated logarithmic functions
- Earth coordinates and great circles
- Distances on the Earth
- Increments formula - linear approximation
- Riemann sums - estimating area under a curve
- Displacement given velocity
- Position given acceleration and initial conditions
- Project networks and activity times
- Critical paths and float times
- Time zones
- Present value of ordinary annuities
- Future value of ordinary annuities
- Perpetuities
- Depreciation - flat rate vs reducing balance crossover
- Depreciation - unit cost method
- Perpetuities - cumulative payments
- Compound interest - regular deposits, find the rate
- Compound interest - effective annual rate and interest earned
- Annuities - two-phase withdrawals, total years
- Making informed decisions - comparing investment options
- Making informed decisions - comparing loan offers
- Making informed decisions - break-even between payment plans
- Linear transformation of mean and standard deviation
- Bernoulli distribution - mean and variance
- Bernoulli distribution - modelling practical problems
- Normal distribution - qualitative graph features
- Normal distribution - probabilities and quantiles
- Least-squares regression lines
- Coefficient of determination
- Residuals, interpolation and extrapolation
- Association and causation
- Time series plots and patterns
- Moving averages and smoothing
- Seasonal indices and time series models
- Sample proportion - mean and standard deviation
- Confidence interval and margin of error for a proportion
- Rationalise a binomial surd denominator
- Simplify nested surds
- Inverse relationship of exponential and logarithmic functions
- Geometric proofs - circle theorems
- Geometric proofs - Pythagoras theorem
- Angle sum and difference identities
- Co-function identities
- The sine and cosine laws
- Limit of the exponential difference quotient
- The number e as the base giving a limit of 1
- Vector arithmetic
- Vector dot product
- Vector magnitude
- Vector direction and components
- Vector scalar multiplication and addition
- Distance between position vectors
- Contexts suitable for a normal model
- The concept of a random sample
- Sources of bias and ensuring randomness
- Approximate normality of the sample proportion
- Simulated sampling distribution of the sample proportion
- Coverage of repeated confidence intervals
- Friction on a rough surface
- Moments
- Quantities and units in mechanics
- Resultant forces
- Forces and Newton's first law
- Newton's second law
- Weight and motion under gravity
- Newton's third law and connected bodies
- Resolving forces into components
- Coefficient of friction
- The language of kinematics
- Motion graphs
- Constant acceleration formulae
- Calculus in kinematics
- Projectiles
- Pythagoras theorem
- Conversions between radians and degrees
- Evaluate the sine and cosine functions
- Find amplitude, period and range of trigonometric functions
- Sketch trigonometric functions
- Find the unknown angle using trigonometric functions
- Modulus and argument
- The Argand plane
- Complex conjugates and division
- Modulus-argument form
- Quadratics over the complex field